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Achtergrondinformatie1.1 Blinden en muziekMensen met een visuele beperking worden vaak geassocieerd met bepaalde rolmodellen. Een bekende associatie is die van de blinde muzikant. In de literatuur worden blinden vaak weergegeven als zanger, muzikant of dichter. Vroeger konden blinden vaak werken in de muzieksector (van kerkmuzikant, tot zanger in een koor of componist). Tegenwoordig werkt men ook in de wetenschappelijke en humanistische sector. 1.2 EducatieMensen met een visuele beperking kunnen muziek uit hun hoofd leren of op gehoor spelen.
1.3 Zwakheden in het traditionele systeemWanneer iemand met een visuele beperking bladmuziek bestudeert, dan zijn er slechts een aantal manieren waarop dat mogelijk is. Deze manieren zijn met name gebaseerd op het Braille systeem, met de mogelijkheid om deze uit te printen op papier of niet. Als men bedenkt wat de verschillen tussen tactiele perceptie en Braille notatie zijn, dan is het makkelijk om te begrijpen hoe leerlingen met een visuele beperking achtergesteld zijn. Niet achtergesteld in hun begrip van het concept muziek, maar eerder in de toepassingsmogelijkheden. Bijvoorbeeld:
1.4 Een code voor het Nieuwe Internationale Handboek voor Braille muziek notatieDe Braille code heeft een vaste structuur: vaste afstanden tussen de punten, het aantal punten (6), hun positie (verticale rechthoek), hoogte, vorm en dimensie van een enkele punt in reliëf. De introductie van een Braille leesregel heeft het aantal punten voor een Braille combinatie verhoogd, van 6 tot 8 punten. Het lezen van een Braille combinatie met acht punten vergt meer tijd om te identificeren. De Braille leesregel bestaat uit één lijn. Dit maakt het moeilijker om de pagina verticaal te zien, terwijl het tegelijkertijd verwarring tussen de regels voorkomt. 1.5 The choice in symbols to be usedThe number of possible combinations is limited to 64 (63 + space). It is impossible to create a code having a one-to-one correspondence, displaying every symbol of the traditional alphabet. As every instrument, which can be used for different functions, the Braille system, born in France in the 19th century, was first adapted to the national language of the country adopting it. In this way, whereas most symbols remained those of the French alphabet, others (e.g. the letter “w”) had to be added later. It follows that the same combination might represent different letters depending on the national alphabet used; e.g. for the German Scharfes S “§”, the Braille combination 2346 was chosen. However the same combination number represents, in the French Braille system the letter “è”. 1.6 Braille as a languageBecause of the restricted number of symbols, in comparison to the concepts to represent, it might be beneficial to consider the Braille system as a proper “language”. In this case, it is necessary to employ the same techniques used when translating a language into another. If one wants to transcribe into Braille a complex text (such as a music score), it will be necessary to employ the typical Braille resources, which are different from resources available for the printing techniques. 1.7 The music codeBraille Music language has gone through a continuous evolution since its creation by Luis Braille. Such evolution, as it is highlighted in the “New Manual of Braille Music Notation”, is essentially due to the research of new didactic solution on behalf of transcribers and teachers, aiming at a more accurate description of the original score and at the same time, at an easier way to ease the reading and memorisation processes. Music pieces wrote a century ago are very different from those produced today, because of the constant evolution of the Braille language, which has evolved independently in every country. Important stimuli for the publication of the “New Manual of Braille Music Notation” by the World Blind Union consisted in the international need of the blind to be in the position to fully benefit from the IT system which allow to manage and store Braille music in electronic format. Nowadays visually impaired musicians are no longer asking only their national library to provide them with paper texts or electronic formats, but also, thanks to on-line library catalogues, are starting ordering from the Internet. It is therefore needed a standard electronic format for archiving Braille music pieces. One of the main reasons as per which the Braille music system has gone through a continuous transformation is also because, in a different way of the “black” music writing, Braille music notation has to conciliate different requirements, such as:
1.8 Local traditionsAs it has been outlined above, the adoption of the Braille system by the different countries was gradually adopted and produced independent traditional sub-systems. The Braille system has the same characteristics of a proper language, therefore the same situation might be represented in different ways, in the same way as for a translation into a different language. Braille music transcribers have to combine the need for clarity with concision and completeness of information, and with the introduction of IT based services, it is possible to obtain a flexibility hard to imagine up until some time ago, with respect to answers to the needs of different types of users (professionals, amateurs, beginners, etc.). 1.9 ResultsAt present the BME user can employ the national keyboard to write music in a line with 6 keys, or with one hand only using the number keys. A sighted person can follow the non-sighted person and convert his/her work with the FINALE program. The visually impaired student can use the BME music editor for a series of actions which transfer to the PC a number of mechanical functions such as marking, analysis, selection of voices and parts of text. The didactic value of the software remains complete, since students are helped in the conceptualisation, memorisations and elaboration of didactic contents; functions which are difficult to carry out when reading the paper music score. 1.10 Educational implicationsFrom an educational point of view, it is important that close and positive inter-relationships occur among success, motivation and positive emotional environment in a classroom. Good results encourage children to attempt new adventures and to set new goals. A prompt and adequate communication between teacher and visually impaired is the basis on which to build effective school education. In the case of traditional music studies, such basis is heavily affected because of the following dynamic:
In this way, the number of visually impaired young people and teenagers who are attracted by music diminishes, not because of lack of capabilities. The Contrapunctus proposal is a partial solution to these problems and, as a matter of fact, constitutes an answer to the insufficient and poor instruments available today to the blind musicians. |