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Contexte1.1 La Musique et les non voyantsLes handicapés visuels : 1.2 EducationLes handicapés de la vue peuvent apprendre par coeur et jouer à l’oreille ou peuvent recevoir un enseignement spécifique qui leur permet de lire et d’écrire la musique en utilisant la méthode Braille. Dans le dernier cas, le processus d’étude est appelé l’alphabétisation de la musique: le handicapé visuel est préparé pour utiliser le langage musical et pour mentalement saisir un tel langage pour produire de la musique. Nous devons considérer les bénéfices provenant de l’alphabétisation de la musique en terme de développement, aspects de personnalité différents, la formation du caractère, la sphère connaissances et des relations, les contacts, la capacité manuelle et la créativité. L’étude de la musique permet aux non voyants d’avoir accès aux concepts qui sont spécifiques au monde des voyants tel que les contrastes des couleurs, les ombres, l’environnement, etc. De telles considérations, du fait que la musique est la seule forme artistique qui peut être pleinement maîtrisée par l’aveugle, justifie les efforts entrepris par les enseignants et les chercheurs afin de faciliter la réalisation musicale et tenir en éveil l’intérêt à la musique des jeunes et des moins jeunes handicapés visuels. A l’heure actuelle il y a quelques difficultés qui, en fait, interdisent l’accès des aveugles à l’étude musicale tel que :
1.3 Les faiblesses du système traditionnelQuand il étudie la musique, le handicapé visuel a peu de choix parmi les aides d’apprentissage et il est limité dans l’utilisation de stratégies basées principalement sur le système braille avec la possibilité d’obtenir un document Braille papier ou numérique. C’est à prendre en considération.
1.4 Un code pour la nouvelle notation musicale Braille internationaleLe code Braille présente une structure définie: distance précise entre les points, nombre de points par caractère, leur disposition (dans un rectangle vertical), la hauteur, la forme et la dimension du point isolé en relief. L’introduction de la ligne Braille permet d’augmenter légèrement le nombre de points d’un caractère Braille, de 6 à 8 points. La lecture en 8 points Braille, le texte augmente légèrement le temps dont on a besoin pour identifier « la combinaison » sans le mettre en péril. La plage Braille éphémère est formée d’une seule ligne. Cela rend plus difficile de voir la page verticalement mais en même temps cela évite la confusion parmi les lignes. 1.5 The choice in symbols to be usedThe number of possible combinations is limited to 64 (63 + space). It is impossible to create a code having a one-to-one correspondence, displaying every symbol of the traditional alphabet. As every instrument, which can be used for different functions, the Braille system, born in France in the 19th century, was first adapted to the national language of the country adopting it. In this way, whereas most symbols remained those of the French alphabet, others (e.g. the letter “w”) had to be added later. It follows that the same combination might represent different letters depending on the national alphabet used; e.g. for the German Scharfes S “§”, the Braille combination 2346 was chosen. However the same combination number represents, in the French Braille system the letter “è”. 1.6 Braille as a languageBecause of the restricted number of symbols, in comparison to the concepts to represent, it might be beneficial to consider the Braille system as a proper “language”. In this case, it is necessary to employ the same techniques used when translating a language into another. If one wants to transcribe into Braille a complex text (such as a music score), it will be necessary to employ the typical Braille resources, which are different from resources available for the printing techniques. 1.7 The music codeBraille Music language has gone through a continuous evolution since its creation by Luis Braille. Such evolution, as it is highlighted in the “New Manual of Braille Music Notation”, is essentially due to the research of new didactic solution on behalf of transcribers and teachers, aiming at a more accurate description of the original score and at the same time, at an easier way to ease the reading and memorisation processes. Music pieces wrote a century ago are very different from those produced today, because of the constant evolution of the Braille language, which has evolved independently in every country. Important stimuli for the publication of the “New Manual of Braille Music Notation” by the World Blind Union consisted in the international need of the blind to be in the position to fully benefit from the IT system which allow to manage and store Braille music in electronic format. Nowadays visually impaired musicians are no longer asking only their national library to provide them with paper texts or electronic formats, but also, thanks to on-line library catalogues, are starting ordering from the Internet. It is therefore needed a standard electronic format for archiving Braille music pieces. One of the main reasons as per which the Braille music system has gone through a continuous transformation is also because, in a different way of the “black” music writing, Braille music notation has to conciliate different requirements, such as:
1.8 Local traditionsAs it has been outlined above, the adoption of the Braille system by the different countries was gradually adopted and produced independent traditional sub-systems. The Braille system has the same characteristics of a proper language, therefore the same situation might be represented in different ways, in the same way as for a translation into a different language. Braille music transcribers have to combine the need for clarity with concision and completeness of information, and with the introduction of IT based services, it is possible to obtain a flexibility hard to imagine up until some time ago, with respect to answers to the needs of different types of users (professionals, amateurs, beginners, etc.). 1.9 ResultsAt present the BME user can employ the national keyboard to write music in a line with 6 keys, or with one hand only using the number keys. A sighted person can follow the non-sighted person and convert his/her work with the FINALE program. The visually impaired student can use the BME music editor for a series of actions which transfer to the PC a number of mechanical functions such as marking, analysis, selection of voices and parts of text. The didactic value of the software remains complete, since students are helped in the conceptualisation, memorisations and elaboration of didactic contents; functions which are difficult to carry out when reading the paper music score. 1.10 Educational implicationsFrom an educational point of view, it is important that close and positive inter-relationships occur among success, motivation and positive emotional environment in a classroom. Good results encourage children to attempt new adventures and to set new goals. A prompt and adequate communication between teacher and visually impaired is the basis on which to build effective school education. In the case of traditional music studies, such basis is heavily affected because of the following dynamic:
In this way, the number of visually impaired young people and teenagers who are attracted by music diminishes, not because of lack of capabilities. The Contrapunctus proposal is a partial solution to these problems and, as a matter of fact, constitutes an answer to the insufficient and poor instruments available today to the blind musicians. |